Production Of Polyphenolic Compounds Research Articles

English

Artichoke is well known for its various medicinal properties i.e., lipid-lowering and antioxidant activity. Antioxidant activity of artichoke is mainly caused by the presence of various biologically active compounds, especially polyphenols. These polyphenols are being affected by a variety of environmental and cultivation factors including the application weedicides. The current study was aimed at clarifying the effects of various commonly used post-emergence weedicides (Phenmedipham, Pyridate, Quizalofop-p-ethyl, Prosulfocarb, Carfentrazone-ethyl, Rimsulfuron, Aclonifen, and Clomazone) on the production of polyphenolic compounds, including the flavonoids and caffeoylquinic acids. Weedicides were applied during the cultivation of artichoke in two growth phases. Polyphenols were analyzed in leaf extracts of artichoke using the HPLC method. In addition, the antioxidant activity of the leaf samples was determined. Results revealed minimum production of dry matter in the treatment with aclonifen (2.61 t ha-1). While different weedicide showed variable effects after each week (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th) of application. Significant difference among the various treatments of weedicide during both growth phases i.e., concentration of polyphenolics is being remarkably affecting by treatments with various weedicide. A positive correlation CQA (caffeoylquinic acid) with flavonoids on one hand and with ORAC (Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity) on the other showed the synergism among these. Moreover, the antioxidant capacity of artichoke leaf extracts is influenced by the content of caffeoylquinic acids and flavonoid in addition to some other antioxidants (carotenoids, terpenoids etc.). Weedicide application can lead to a reduction in phenolic constituents of artichoke leaf samples; however, this negative impact is quickly compensated during further growth and development of plant under moderate climate conditions

Chia sprouts and microgreens as a new nutraceutical raw materials and their health-promoting impact in modern dietetics

Abstract Today, plant sprouts are one of the most important forms of functional foods (FOSHU – Food For Specified Health Use), in nutraceutical diets based on so-called “healthy food”. The health-promoting effects of sprouts are due to their rich chemical composition and high nutritional quality compared to standard crop raw materials. Recently, many scientific studies have pointed to the medicinal and therapeutic effects of chia seeds (Salvia hispanica), but there is still a lack of research on the composition and biological properties of chia sprouts. In addition to chia sprouts, chia microgreens (microleaves) are becoming prominent in the food industry. This paper reviews the literature data on research on chia sprouts and microgreens. In the work, the process of sprouting chia seeds to boost their nutraceutical properties by increasing their content of protein, dietary fiber, vitamins and mineral salts, is revealed. The review underlines the fact that sprouting contributes to the enhancement of antioxidant potential by increasing the production of polyphenolic compounds from the phenolic acid group and flavonoids. What is more, single studies noted in the study indicate the antimicrobial properties of chia sprout extracts against Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacterial strains. The paper is the first comprehensive review of the latest scientific information on the comparison of chia: dry seeds, sprouted seeds, sprouts and microgreens.

Technoeconomic and Environmental Assessment of Alternative Biorefineries for Bioenergy and Polyphenolic Production from Pomace Biomass

Pomace is generated during fruit processing and is regarded as a highly polluting waste stream due to its high moisture content, biological instability, and acidic properties. To facilitate pomace management, this study has applied the biorefinery concept to develop systems that facilitate value extraction. To this regard, alternative scenarios for the production of polyphenolic compounds and bioenergy from apple pomace were investigated using ASPEN Plus for process modeling, simulation, and analysis. Systems facilitating the production of polyphenols via the use of the green solvents (i.e. subcritical water in scenario (a) and ethanol in scenario (b)), while also co-producing bioenergy, were compared to a system that produced only bioenergy (i.e. scenario (c)). Comparisons of profitabilities and environmental performances were achieved via considerations of the net present values (NPVs) and potential environmental impacts (PEIs) of all scenarios. The study was able to show that scenario (a) constituted the only economically viable strategy, with a NPV of US$ 19.86 million, while scenarios (b) and (c) were determined to have NPVs of US$ − 88.12 million and US$ − 4.05 million respectively. Scenario (b) was also determined to have the poorest environmental performance with a PEI of 148 kPEI/h. Notably, although scenario (c) (PEI of 0.21 kPEI/h) was determined to present a better environmental performance than scenario (a) (PEI of 47 kPEI/h), its economic infeasibility indicated that it will be impractical to consider it as a viable pomace valorization strategy in a scaled-up system. This study therefore proposed that scenario (a) may constitute a preferred pomace valorization strategy provided technological innovations, i.e., use of alternative energy sources and gas filters, are explored to reduce the major existing challenge of enhanced global warming potential due to greenhouse gas emissions. This study therefore provides information regarding the sustainability implication of executing different biorefinery scenarios for pomace management in the fruit processing industry.

Effect of basal medium on growth and polyphenols accumulation by Gardenia jasminoides Ellis cell suspension

The goal of this study was to analyze the effect of different medium bases on accumulation of biomass and secondary metabolites production by Gardenia jasminoides Ellis. cell suspension culture. The result revealed that different media have significant effect on biomass accumulation and production of polyphenol compounds. HPLC analyses showed that the higher polyphenol content was achieved when the cells were cultivated on McCOWN Woody plant Medium (WP) media for 14 days on darkness, at 24°C. At this conditions, the cells produced maximal amounts of catechin (24.44±2.46 µg/g DW), chlorogenic acid (20.26 ±3.68 µg/g DW), epicatechin (70.44±7.46 µg/g DW) and rutin (45.90±0.26 µg/g DW). Both MS and WP media were optimal for biomass accumulation. When cultivated on these media, Gardenia cells accumulated maximal amount of dry biomass ADB = 0.99±0.1g/100ml and ADB = 0.93±0.04 g/100ml for МS and WP, respectively. The corresponding growth indexes were GIDW = 1.68±0.2 on MS and GIDW = 1.58±0.07 on WP medium. The reported results are the first step of future optimization of the nutrient medium composition and cultivation conditions essential for the scale -up of cultivation process of G. jasminoides cell suspension culture for mass production of polyphenolic compounds.

Differential Phenolic Compounds and Hormone Accumulation Patterns between Early- and Mid-Maturing Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium L.) Cultivars during Fruit Development and Ripening.

Color acquisition is one of the most distinctive features of fruit development and ripening processes. The color red is closely related to the accumulation of polyphenolic compounds, mainly anthocyanins, during sweet cherry fruit maturity. In non-climacteric fruit species like sweet cherry, the maturity process is mainly controlled by the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA), though other hormones may also play a role. However, the coordinated stage-specific production of polyphenolic compounds and their relation with hormone content variations have not been studied in depth in sweet cherry fruits. To further understand the accumulation dynamics of these compounds (hormones and metabolites) during fruit development, two sweet cherry cultivars ("Lapins" and "Glenred") with contrasting maturity timing phenotypes were analyzed using targeted metabolic analysis. The ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) approach revealed that phenolic acids, flavonols, and flavan-3-ols accumulated mainly until the straw-yellow stage in the early-maturing cultivar, while accumulation was mainly at the green stage in the mid-maturing cultivar, suggesting a cultivar-dependent stage-specific production of secondary metabolites. In the mid-maturing cultivar, anthocyanins were detected only from the red stage onward, whereas detection began at the pink stage in the early-maturing cultivar. ABA negatively correlated (p-value < 0.05) with the flavonols and flavan-3-ols in both cultivars. ABA and anthocyanin content increased at the same time in the early-season cultivar. In contrast, anthocyanins accumulated and the pink color initiation started several days after the ABA increase in the mid-maturing cultivar. Differential accumulation patterns of GA4, a ripening antagonizing hormone, between the cultivars could explain this difference. These results showed that both red-colored cultivars presented different accumulation dynamics of phenolic compounds and plant hormones during fruit development, suggesting underlying differences in the sweet cherry fruit color evolution.

Phytochemical content and antioxidant activity of Gynura procumbens in response to shade levels and rates of nitrogen fertilizer

Gynura procumbens is one of the most common medicinal plants with extensive pharmacological properties. Light intensity and nitrogenous fertilisers are two main limiting factors in primary and secondary metabolism in plants. Information on the effects of shade levels and nitrogenous fertiliser rates on phytochemical content and antioxidant activity of G. procumbens is much scarce. This justifies an in-depth study to determine the effects of phytochemical content and antioxidant activity. This study was conducted with four levels of shade (0, 30, 50, and 70%) and four nitrogen fertilizer rates (0, 100, 200 and 300 kg N ha-1). Data measurements were performed on protein content, C:N ratio, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant activity (DPPH, FRAP) and flavonoid acids. The results showed that decreases in total phenol, flavonoid contents, C:N ratio and antioxidant activity were recorded with increasing shade levels and nitrogen rates. Protein content was increased with increases in shade levels and nitrogen fertilizer supplement. The highest flavonoid acids contents were observed from higher light intensity (no shade) and no nitrogen application. Enhancement in production of secondary metabolites and antioxidant activity were associated with high C:N ratio and low protein contents. The study demonstrated that high light intensity (0% shade) with a low N fertilizer rate (0 kg N ha−1) was suitable for both phenolic compounds and antioxidants activity. The present study suggested that G. procumbens can achieve higher production of polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant activity under low nitrogen availability and open field conditions

Establishment of hairy root cultures of Salvia bulleyana Diels for production of polyphenolic compounds

This study was to obtain stable transformed roots of Salvia bulleyana using A. rhizogenes strain A4 and then evaluate their phytochemical profile and selected the most productive clone. Our results indicated that the type of explant and medium used for bacterium and explant incubation had an influence on the frequency of hairy root formation. The best response was obtained on leaves infected with bacteria cultivated on YMB medium supplemented with acetosyringone. Of the four selected transformed root clones, after five-week cultivation in Woody Plant (WP) medium, the highest growth indexes were demonstrated for line C1: i.e. 13 for fresh and 15 for dry weight (81.4 and 8.2 g/l fresh and dry weight, respectively). The qualitative analysis of hydromethanolic extracts of hairy roots of S. bulleyana using UPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS method showed the presence of 10 polyphenolic compounds including predominant rosmarinic acid (RA), its derivatives (hexoside and methyl rosmarinate), caffeic acid, its derivatives and several salvianolic acids: K, E and F. Their production varied among the four root clones studied; the highest RA (39.6 mg/g dry weight) and total polyphenol (48.9 mg/g dry weight) level were found in the roots of C4 clone. These values were significantly higher than those of the roots of plants grown for several years under field conditions. The transformation of the obtained root cultures was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction using aux1, aux2, rolB, rolC and rolD primers.

Biotransformation of phenolic compounds from food industry waste

The food industry residues of plant origin are mostly lignocellulosic materials recalcitrant towards degradation. Since they possess incorporated polyphenolic compounds in its structure, they can be used for the production of polyphenolic compounds. However low-soluble polyphenolic compounds are difficult to be extracted. The extraction requires the use of acids which is not environmentally friendly method, or commercial enzymes, which significantly increase the costs of production. In this work, application of fungal-based solid-state treatment for a) the recovery of different phenolic compounds from brewery spent grains, grape pomace, oil pomace and corn silage ; and b) enzyme (laccase or lipase) production will be given. Additional, model solution of phenolic compounds catalysed by commercial enzyme laccase in different reactor types will be presented.

Chemotaxonomic profiling of Penicillium setosum using high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-Q-ToF-MS)

In the present study, secondary metabolites produced by an endophytic fungus Penicillium setosum were extracted using colony agar plug and culture broth extraction methods. High resolution LC-MS was used to explore the chemical nature of the secondary metabolites, as well, compare the reliability of the methods. P. setosum was chemotaxonomically distinguished from other members of section Lanata-divaricata, by its ability to produce mycotoxin, patulin and also by the presence of certain phenol-derived compounds, like quercetin, dihydroflavonols (dihydroquercetin and dihydromyricetin), kaempferol, luteolin, while some Penicillium specific compounds such as, citromycetin and andrastin D reveal its similarity towards section Lanata-Divaricata members. For the first time, the presence of dihydroquercetin is remarkably and spectrometrically confirmed from a microbial source. In addition, a few polyketides, anthroquinone compounds, hydrocarbons, and fatty acids were also detected in the culture extract. Being the first report on the production of polyphenolic compounds by an endophytic fungus of Penicillium species, the current research is crucial, and moreover the starin itself is a novel species.

Evaluation of Polyphenolic Compounds and Pharmacological Activities in Hairy Root Cultures of Ligularia fischeri Turcz. f. spiciformis (Nakai).

A considerable amount of bioactive compounds have been used for the biopharmaceutical engineering to help human health and nutrition. Hairy root culture (HRC) or transgenic root is a favourable alternative technique for phytochemical production. Ligularia fischeri is a significant source of pharmaceutically important active compounds with an enormous range of health care applications. HRC of L. fischeri was developed using Agrobacterium rhizogenes for the production of polyphenolic compounds with antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anticancer and anti-inflammatory pharmaceutical activities. Hairy roots (HRs) were selected by morphological assessment, genetic and molecular analyses. The maximum accumulation of fresh mass (94.15 g/L) and dry mass (9.45 g/L) was recorded in MS liquid medium supplemented with 30 g/L sucrose at 28 days. Furthermore, HRs successfully produced numerous polyphenolic compounds, including six hydroxycinnamic acids, seven flavonols, seven hydroxybenzoic acids, vanillin, resveratrol, pyrogallol, homogentisic, and veratric acids, which were identified by UHPLC analysis. HRs produced higher total phenolic (185.65 mg/g), and flavonoid (5.25 mg/g) contents than non-transformed roots (125.55 mg/g and 3.75 mg/g). As a result of these metabolic changes, pharmaceutical activities were found higher in HRs than non-transformed roots (NTRs). The present study indicates that HRC has the potential to increase the content of beneficial polyphenolic compounds with higher potential pharmaceutical activities. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first report on enhancing the production of polyphenolic compounds with pharmaceutical activities from the HRCs of L. fischeri.

Optimization of alkaline hot-water extraction conditions for production of polyphenolic compounds and flavonoids from Korean thistle (Cirsium japonicum)

Optimization of alkaline hot-water extraction conditions for production of polyphenolic compounds and flavonoids from Korean thistle (Cirsium japonicum)

Hairy root cultures of Salvia viridis L. for production of polyphenolic compounds

Salvia viridis is a containing bioactive phenols plant, which has been used in Turkish medicine. The aim of the study was to establish hairy root culture of the species in order to increase the production of the compounds with pharmacological activity. Transformed roots are promising biotechnological systems that produce great amounts of secondary metabolites; this is attributed to their fast growth and their genetic and biosynthetic stability. Stable hairy root lines of S. viridis were established from shoot explants using Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain A4. The highest frequency of transformation (45%) was achieved when the shoot was inoculated at the node or internode by bacteria cultivated on Yeast/Mannitol/Broth (YMB) medium supplemented with acetosyringone. The transformation of the root clones was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction using aux1, aux2, rolB and rolC primers. Of the five obtained transformed root clones, the highest biomass was achieved for clone K3 (13.63 ± 0.5 g/L after 5 weeks) grown in Woody Plant (WP) medium in darkness. The UPLC-PDA-ESI–MS analysis of hydromethanolic extracts of transformed roots of S. viridis revealed the presence of 10 compounds identified as caffeic acid derivatives. Quantitative analysis showed that rosmarinic acid (RA) was the predominant compound in all clones. The highest RA (35.8 mg/g dry weight) and total polyphenol (41.24 mg/g dry weight) content were evaluated in clone K3 cultured in WP medium. These values were 8-fold higher than those of the non-transformed roots, indicating that hairy root cultivation could be a promising technique for the production of valuable compounds from S. viridis.

Lactic acid bacteria-fermented product of green tea and Houttuynia cordata leaves exerts anti-adipogenic and anti-obesity effects

Obesity is associated with higher risks of developing diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Green tea, rich in polyphenolic compounds such as epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and epigallocatechin (EGC), has been shown to display anti-obesity effects. Houttuynia cordata leaves have also been shown to exhibit anti-obesity effects due to their chlorogenic acid content. Lactic acid bacteria are able to increase the production of polyphenolic compounds. This study aims to develop a novel anti-obesity fermentation product by combining H. cordata leaf tea with green tea, using Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei NTU 101 (NTU 101) for fermentation due to the advantages of bioconverting the polyphenolic compounds. The regulation of adipogenesis factors and the anti-obesity effect of the NTU 101-fermented tea were evaluated in an in vitro 3T3-L1 pre-adipocyte model and an in vivo obese rat model, respectively. The results show that the NTU 101-fermented tea, which contained higher EGCG, EGC, and chlorogenic acid levels than unfermented tea, was able to inhibit the lipogenesis of mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes by the stimulation of lipolysis. Furthermore, the body weight gain, body fat pad, and feeding efficiency of obese rats, induced with a high fat diet, were decreased by the oral administration of NTU 101-fermented tea. The significant anti-obesity effect was probably due to lipolysis. However, NTU 101 bacteria cells and EGCG may also act as functional ingredients to contribute to the anti-obesity effects of NTU 101-fermented products.

Specialized Metabolites of the Flavonol Class Mediate Root Phototropism and Growth

Roots are subterranean organs and normally follow the gravity vector to grow downward. However, in nature, roots can be exposed to sunlight in a negative phototropism response termed root light avoidance (Kutschera and Briggs, 2012). Such tropic responses are characterized by organ curvature caused by asymmetric growth between different sides of the root, which generally correlates with an asymmetric distribution of the plant hormone auxin (Wang et al., 2015). Light also induces the production of polyphenolic compounds, including flavonols, which have variously been ascribed roles in UV-B protection, the inhibition of auxin transport, and ROS scavenging (Taylor and Grotewold, 2005).

Process synthesis for antioxidant polyphenolic compounds production from Matisia cordata Bonpl. (zapote) pulp

The interest on polyphenolic compounds has increased because of their possible utilization as natural food colorants, especially used as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents. In the present paper, a systematic approach for process synthesis of polyphenolic compounds production from Mastisia cordata Bonpl. pulp (zapote) is presented. Simulation procedures based on experimental characterization were used to evaluate the conversion pathways of raw material pretreatment, extraction and concentration using Aspen Plus software. Process alternatives in pretreatment (tray drying and freeze drying), extraction (conventional solvent extraction and supercritical fluid extraction) and concentration (vacuum distillation and ultrafiltration with nanofiltration) were considered in this study. Productivity analysis and energy requirements for each process configuration were also determined. Process synthesis based on maximum production of polyphenolic compounds from Matisia cordata Bonpl. pulp and minimum operating costs of entire processes were performed. Based on result shown, both objective functions are contracting each other, fuzzy optimization was adapted to solve them simultaneously.

Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization on the Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Basil (Ocimum basilicumL.)

Many herbs and spices have been shown to contain high levels of polyphenolic compounds with potent antioxidant properties. In the present study, we explore how nutrient availability, specifically nitrogen fertilization, affects the production of polyphenolic compounds in three cultivars (Dark Opal, Genovese, and Sweet Thai) of the culinary herb, basil ( Ocimum basilicum L.). Nitrogen fertilization was found to have a significant effect on total phenolic levels in Dark Opal ( p < 0.001) and Genovese ( p < 0.001) basil with statistically higher phenolic contents observed when nutrient availability was limited at the lowest (0.1 mM) applied nitrogen treatment. Similarly, basil treated at the lowest nitrogen fertilization level generally contained significantly higher rosmarinic ( p = 0.001) and caffeic ( p = 0.001) acid concentrations than basil treated at other nitrogen levels. Nitrogen fertilization also affected antioxidant activity ( p = 0.002) with basil treated at the highest applied nitrogen level, 5.0 mM, exhibiting lower antioxidant activity than all other nitrogen treatments. The anthocyanin content of Dark Opal basil was not affected by applied nitrogen level, but anthocyanin concentrations were significantly impacted by growing season ( p = 0.001). Basil cultivar was also determined to have a statistically significant effect on total phenolic levels, rosmarinic and caffeic acid concentrations, and antioxidant activities.